Which combination of actions is described for managing vertebrate pests?

• A. Planting dense hedges.
• B. Trapping, poisoning and reducing food sources.
• C. Increasing irrigation.
• D. Using chemical sprays.

Answer: (B)

Managing vertebrate pests relies on an integrated approach that both reduces resources and directly removes pests. Trapping captures individuals and provides a direct reduction in numbers. Poisoning, when permitted and applied safely and legally, adds a way to remove many individuals that are difficult to catch with traps alone. Reducing food sources and attractants—by removing accessible food, trash, spilled feed, or dense cover—lowers the incentive for pests to stay in the area and makes reinfestation less likely. Together, these actions address population reduction and prevention, making this combination the most effective overall strategy.

Dense hedges can offer shelter and nesting sites for vertebrates, which is counterproductive here. Increasing irrigation can create favorable conditions by providing more water and lush growth, potentially attracting more pests. Relying solely on chemical sprays is not a complete solution for vertebrates and raises safety and environmental concerns.